Spleen Disorders

Spleen Anatomy

In this chapter, we will discuss a variety of spleen disorders. The spleen is located inside the abdominal cavity on the upper left side. A normal spleen weighs about 150 grams and is about 11 cm long. Under normal circumstances, your spleen is about the size of your fist and hardly even detectable to touch during a physical examination. It has […]

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Hemophilia

Hemophilia-Ecchymoses

Hemophilia is a group of inherited blood disorders in which the blood does not clot properly. Hemophilia is the standard international spelling, also known as haemophilia in the UK, other translations include: hémophilie, hemofilie, hemofili, hemofilia, hämophilie, emofilia. We will use the standard international spelling for the purpose of this section. Hemophilia is an inherited bleeding disorder in which a […]

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Hemophagocytosis

Hemophagocytosis

Introduction: Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) or Hemophagocytosis is a rare but potentially fatal disease of normal but overactive histiocytes and lymphocytes that commonly appears in infancy, although it has been seen in all age groups. Hemophagocytosis involves a defect in targeted killing and the inhibitory controls of natural killer and cytotoxic T cells, resulting in excessive cytokine production and accumulation of […]

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Hemochromatosis

Hemochromatosis

Hereditary Hemochromatosis (HH) is a genetic disorder that causes the body to absorb too much iron (Fe) from the diet. The excess iron is stored in the body’s tissues and organs, particularly the skin, heart, liver, pancreas, and joints. Because humans cannot increase iron excretion, excess iron can overload and eventually damage tissues and organs. For this reason, hereditary hemochromatosis is […]

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Principles of Cancer Therapy

Cancer Therapy

The principles of cancer therapy (curative or palliative) are based on the characteristics of the tumor and the ability of the patient to tolerate therapy. Anticancer therapy may include a combination of surgery, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, radiation therapy, and/or targeted therapy. Cancer is one of the greatest healthcare concerns for patients and their healthcare providers. An individual’s lifetime risk of developing […]

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Thrombotic Disorders

Thrombotic Disorders

Hematologists are increasingly involved in the diagnosis and management of patients with venous and arterial thrombotic disorders. There have been major advances in recent years in our understanding of the central role of hypercoagulability in the pathogenesis of thrombosis. This has led to new approaches to the diagnosis of patients at risk for thrombosis and the development of more rational […]

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Stem Cell Transplantation

Stem Cell Transplantation

Stem cell transplantation, also known as hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT), is a crucial therapeutic approach in hematology and oncology. It involves the infusion of healthy stem cells into a patient to replace damaged or malfunctioning cells. Stem cells are a class of undifferentiated cells that are able to differentiate into specialised cell types. Commonly, stem cells come from two […]

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Qualitative Platelet Disorders

Qualitative Platelet Disorders

Qualitative platelet disorders are suggested by a prolonged bleeding time (abnormal platelet function screen) or clinical evidence of bleeding in the setting of a normal platelet count and coagulation studies. They are most commonly acquired, but can be inherited. Platelet function testing with light transmission aggregometry (LTA), the platelet function analyzer (PFA-100), or a template bleeding time may reveal abnormalities […]

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Thrombocytopenia

Thrombocytopenia

Thrombocytopenia is a medical condition characterized by a lower-than-normal number of platelets in the blood. Platelets are crucial for blood clotting, so a low platelet count can lead to excessive bleeding and difficulty forming blood clots. The ICD-10 code for thrombocytopenia is D69. 6. The hemostatic system comprises platelets, coagulation factors, and the endothelial cells lining the blood vessels. Platelets […]

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Multiple Myeloma

Multiple Myeloma

First described in 1848, multiple myeloma (MM), also known as plasma cell myeloma, is characterized by a proliferation of malignant plasma cells and a subsequent overproduction of monoclonal paraprotein (M protein). There are several types of plasma cell neoplasms. These diseases are all associated with a monoclonal (or myeloma) protein (M protein). They include monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS), […]

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