Bone Marrow Examination

Bone Marrow Examination

Bone marrow examination refers to the pathologic analysis of samples of bone marrow obtained by bone marrow aspiration and bone marrow biopsy (often called a trephine biopsy). Bone marrow is soft, gelatinous tissue that fills the medullary cavities, the centers of bones. The two types of bone marrow are red bone marrow, known as myeloid tissue, and yellow bone marrow, or fatty tissue. Bone marrow contains […]

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Hematologic Emergencies

Emergency Medicine

The development of hematologic emergencies related to the underlying disease or as a result of complications of therapy is common in hematology practice. These hematologic emergencies can occur as an initial presentation or in a patient with an established diagnosis and are encountered in all medical care settings, ranging from primary care to the emergency department and various subspecialty environments. […]

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CD Markers

cluster of differentiation

CD is an abbreviation for “cluster of differentiation”. CD molecules are cell surface markers which are very useful for the identification and characterization of leukocytes and the different subpopulations of leukocytes. The HLDA (Human Leukocyte Differentiation Antigens) workshop, which started in 1982, developed the CD nomenclature and has maintained the list of CD Markers ever since. The initial idea behind […]

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New Hematology Drugs

new drugs in hematology

During the last two decades, we have witnessed the approval of numerous new hematology drugs and a complete transformation in how we approach blood cancers. A deeper understanding of the biology of specific hematologic malignancies has exposed numerous new therapeutic targets that were quickly followed by a plethora of novel therapeutic agents. The availability of novel drugs not only continues to […]

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Plasmapheresis

Plasmapheresis Machine

What is Plasmapheresis? The word ‘plasmapheresis’ (meaning the withdrawal of plasma) was coined by Abel in 1914 to describe a process by which whole blood is withdrawn from the body and separated into its constitutive parts, the cells being returned to the body while the plasma is retained. Plasmapheresis is a procedure in which whole blood is taken from a […]

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Blood Morphology

Blood Morphology

Blood morphology adds greatly to the value of a routine blood count. A skilful examination of a well-made blood smear constitutes the most valuable single procedure in the hematology laboratory. Despite normal blood count figures, careful observation of blood morphology suggested previously unsuspected disorders. For example, in some cases, the finding of hypersegmented neutrophils on the blood smear was the […]

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PET imaging in Hematology

PET CT Scan

Positron emission tomography (PET) scans are used to produce detailed 3-dimensional images of the inside of the body. PET imaging in hematology has become a cornerstone procedure which is particularly helpful for investigating confirmed cases of cancer to determine how far cancer has spread and how well it’s responding to treatment. PET is a nuclear medicine medical imaging technique that […]

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Tumor Lysis Syndrome

TLS

Tumor Lysis Syndrome (TLS) is a potentially life-threatening oncologic emergency that can occur in patients undergoing cancer treatment. This condition is characterized by the rapid breakdown of cancer cells, leading to the release of intracellular contents into the bloodstream. TLS most commonly occurs in hematologic malignancies, such as leukemia and lymphoma, but it can also be observed in solid tumors. […]

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Paraneoplastic Syndromes

Paraneoplastic Syndromes

Paraneoplastic syndromes are symptoms that occur at sites distant from a tumor or its metastasis. They are rare disorders that are triggered by an altered immune system response to a neoplasm. Recent medical advances have improved the understanding, diagnosis, and treatment of paraneoplastic syndromes. These disorders arise from tumor secretion of hormones, peptides, or cytokines or immune cross-reactivity between malignant and […]

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Chemotherapeutic Agents

Chemotherapeutic Agents

The purpose of this article is to review the basic principles for the safe and effective use of various chemotherapeutic agents in the treatment of neoplastic diseases. Introduction: The long-term understanding of cancer growth is that it is a net result of uncontrolled multiplication of cells that out paces the rate of natural cell death (apoptosis) within the tumor mass. […]

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