Everything you need to know about blood disorders
Systemic Mastocytosis (SM): Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Management: Systemic Mastocytosis (SM) is a rare, complex hematologic neoplasm characterized by the uncontrolled accumulation of atypical mast cells in various internal tissues and organs, most commonly the bone marrow, spleen, liver, and GI tract. This chronic condition primarily affects adults. Because signs and symptoms, such as urticaria pigmentosa and anaphylaxis, vary widely based […]
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Erythropoiesis-stimulating medicines (ESAs) are synthetic forms of erythropoietin, a natural hormone produced primarily by the kidneys and, to a lesser extent, by the liver. The erythropoietin gene, located on chromosome 7 (7q21), regulates the production of red blood cells (RBCs) in the bone marrow. When oxygen levels fall, the kidney’s peritubular interstitial cells release erythropoietin, which stimulates erythroid progenitor cells […]
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What is Hemostasis? Hemostasis is the physiological process by which the body prevents and stops bleeding following vascular injury. It involves a tightly regulated interaction between platelets, coagulation factors, the endothelium, and fibrinolytic pathways to form a stable clot and restore vascular integrity. When a blood vessel is damaged, platelets rapidly adhere to the injured endothelium and aggregate to form […]
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Pediatric hematology and general hematology center on the study of blood cells, beginning with embryonic hematopoiesis and progressing to mature cell functions. These blood components—red blood cells (erythrocytes), white blood cells (leukocytes), and platelets (thrombocytes)—are essential for oxygen transport, immune defense, and hemostasis. Pediatric hematology has emerged as a specialized science with age-specific reference ranges that correlate with the hematopoietic, […]
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Amyloidosis refers to a group of rare but serious disorders characterized by the abnormal deposition of amyloid proteins in organs and tissues throughout the body. These insoluble misfolded proteins, produced in the bone marrow, accumulate in vital organs such as the heart, kidneys, liver, and nervous system, impairing their normal function. The ICD-10 code for amyloidosis is E85.9. First described […]
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The NOACs are new oral anticoagulants, or sometimes called non-vitamin K antagonist (VKA) oral anticoagulants (since they are no longer that new). Oral anticoagulants are widely used for long-term prevention and treatment of venous and arterial thromboembolism. Until recently, vitamin K antagonists, such as warfarin, were the only available oral anticoagulants. This situation changed with the recent introduction of the […]
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Antiphospholipid Syndrome (APS), also known as Hughes Syndrome, is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the presence of antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL) that promote abnormal blood clot formation (thrombosis) in both arterial and venous circulation. APS may occur as a primary condition or develop secondary to other autoimmune diseases, most commonly systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Clinically, patients may present with deep vein […]
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What is Castleman Disease? Castleman disease is a rare lymphoproliferative disorder that affects the lymph nodes and related tissues. It was first described in the 1950s by Benjamin Castleman. The condition is also known as Castleman’s disease, giant lymph node hyperplasia, or angiofollicular lymph node hyperplasia (AFH). Castleman disease is not a cancer, but it is classified as a non-clonal lymphoproliferative […]
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Clinical trials are carefully designed research studies that evaluate the safety, effectiveness, and long-term outcomes of new medical treatments, drugs, or procedures before they become part of standard patient care. In hematology and oncology, clinical trials play a crucial role in advancing therapies for conditions such as leukemia, lymphoma, myeloma, and thrombosis. Each trial follows a structured process divided […]
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Common hematology tests are essential diagnostic blood tests used in hematology to evaluate blood, blood-forming organs, and blood disorders. Core hematology investigations such as the full blood count (FBC/CBC), peripheral blood smear/blood film, reticulocyte count, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), and coagulation studies (PT and aPTT) are indispensable in everyday clinical practice. These tests play a critical role in the detection, […]
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